منابع مشابه
Horizontal versus vertical plate motions
We review both present and past motions at major plate boundaries, which have the horizontal component in average 10 to 100 times faster (10–100 mm/yr) than the vertical component (0.01–1 mm/yr) in all geodynamic settings. The steady faster horizontal velocity of the lithosphere with respect to the upward or downward velocities at plate 5 boundaries supports dominating tangential forces acting ...
متن کاملVertical perimeter versus horizontal perimeter
Given k ∈ N, the k’th discrete Heisenberg group, denoted H Z , is the group generated by the elements a1, b1, . . . , ak, bk, c, subject to the commutator relations [a1, b1] = . . . = [ak, bk] = c, while all the other pairs of elements from this generating set are required to commute, i.e., for every distinct i, j ∈ {1, . . . , k} we have [ai, aj ] = [bi, bj ] = [ai, bj ] = [ai, c] = [bi, c] = ...
متن کاملCharacteristics of Horizontal and Vertical Near-Field Ground Motions and Investigation of Their Effects on the Dynamic Response of Bridges
Recently, concerning failure of structures due to earthquakes, special investigations of near fault ground motions have been noticed. Hence, in this paper, characteristics of near field ground motions have been considered in horizontal and vertical directions. In this consideration, the record averages have been compared with Uniform Building Code and Eurocode8 spectra in two levels. In additio...
متن کاملComplementarity among species in horizontal versus vertical rooting space
Aims: Many experiments have shown a positive effect of species richness on productivity in grassland plant communities. However, it is poorly understood how environmental conditions affect this relationship. We aimed to test whether deep soil and limiting nutrient conditions increase the complementarity effect (CE) of species richness due to enhanced potential for resource partitioning. Methods...
متن کاملVertical versus Horizontal Incentives in Education: Evidence from Randomized Trials
This paper describes randomized field experiments in eighty-four urban public schools in two cities designed to understand the impact of aligned incentives on student achievement. In Washington DC, incentives were “horizontal” – provided to one agent (students) for various inputs in the education production function (i.e. attendance, behavior, interim assessments, homework, and uniforms). In Ho...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: eEarth Discussions
سال: 2006
ISSN: 1815-3844
DOI: 10.5194/eed-1-63-2006